Research note: Model specifications and benchmark results are time-bound. Check the dated primary sources below before using them for a technical or purchasing decision.

Human-annotated training datasets are hitting natural exhaustion. Today's frontier reasoning models are trained through Intelligence Engineering: generating millions of synthetic problem instances, executing code in sandboxes, and training purely on verified execution traces.

Sources & Research Papers

  • • Self-Taught Reasoner (STaR): Zelikman, E., et al. (2022). STaR: Bootstrapping Reasoning With Reasoning. NeurIPS 2022. arXiv:2203.14465.
  • • Synthetic Data Generation: Gunasekar, S., et al. (2023). Textbooks Are All You Need. Microsoft Research. arXiv:2306.11644.